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P r o p o s a l s s h o u l d i n c l u d e o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h c h a l l e n g e a r e a s a n d a p p l i c a n t s m u s t b e a b l e t o j u s t i f y w h y t h e i r p r o g r a m m e o f w o r k i s o f i m p o r t a n c e t o U K a n d C h i n a :
T h e r m a l E n e r g y M a n a g e m e n t , R e c o v e r y , S t o r a g e a n d U s e .
7 0 % o f i n d ustrial energy demand is in the form of heat, 50% of this heat is wasted as processes are inefficient. Reducing or utilising this waste heat is key to reducing carbon emissions. It was noted that current solutions are considered too expensive.
The following areas were highlighted as important:
Materials and systems to capture and use or release surplus heat.
Energy systems that maximise heat transfer and recovery.
High energy density materials; that is, materials that are capable of storing heat in high densities, as it is captured from waste heat streams.
Power generation technology that utilises low grade waste heat.
Heat storage management methods for short, medium and long term
It is expected that research in this area would deliver:
New materials and methods to store thermal energy with minimal losses.
New methods for waste heat recovery and use including more efficient heat exchangers
New ways to upgrade low grade heat to higher temperatures
New functional materials for capturing excess environmental energy e.g. in buildings.
Recycling and Remanufacturing.
3bn tonnes of waste is generated globally every year at a cost of 23Bn, and the amount and cost is increasing. Life cycle efficiency improvements can be made by recycling and remanufacturing of waste or manufacturing by-products. This area has a strong link to the circular economy which is becoming increasingly important as a research area in the UK.
The following areas were identified as important:
End of life process technology
Intelligent manufacturing for recycle/remanufacture
Reverse logistics
Re-treatment of recycled wastes to increase adaptability
New business models to facilitate recycling and re-manufacture
Remanufacturing process optimisation
Disassembly for remanufacture
Design for recycle and remanufacture based on end of life technologies to improve life cycle resource efficiency
It is expected that research in this area would deliver:
New, energy efficient technologies and techniques
Efficiency improvements in the processes and systems
Enable wider recycling of things that currently cannot be recycled
New business models and designs that enable recycling and remanufacture
Development of internationally acceptable standards
Novel Low Carbon Manufacturing Design, Production and Optimised Systems.
In order to make a real impact on carbon emissions new systems are needed that will transform traditional processes to innovative low carbon processes and improve process capability. It is also key to ensure that Low carbon is designed in at the system level from the start. This will involve the quantification of existing manufacturing systems, the identification of opportunities for improvement, understanding of new systems and the development of new metrics to understand the systems.
The following areas were highlighted as important:
Database of knowledge and tools, and using big data to optimise energy efficiency of equipment processes and systems
Novel tooling
Ultra-high speed manufacturing
Manufacturing with light
Heat recovery
Novel low carbon processes and equipment
Modelling of systems optimisation
Material behaviour modelling and control
Development of more robust and accurate multi scale models for energy footprint in manufacture
evalsuation systems that can assess the C footprint of any manufacturing process.
Decision making process analysis based on integrating production management and process planning.
Modelling the LCA of a process and designing low carbon LCs.
Understanding how to evalsuate the system/concept design
Integration of LCM tools with CAD CAE platforms
Design for reconfiguration/modular design
It is expected that research in this area would deliver:
Demonstrators and a transferable modelling framework that can be applied globally.
Lifecycle design methodology
Software tools including database and knowledgebase
New Processes which have been systematically designed to be low carbon
Material behaviour modelling and control
Low Carbon Manufacturing of Bulk Materials and Chemicals.
This is an important area as the overall energy efficiency in all materials and chemical production/manufacturing is low and it is a significant CO2 emitter. Bulk materials form the foundation for all infrastructure and will continue to do so, therefore improvements in efficiency of producing those materials can have a big impact on CO2 reduction. The chemical sector currently relies almost totally on fossil fuel for its energy needs and often fossil fuels make the bulk of the raw material feedstocks. Substitution with biodegradable products and by-products can therefore offer significant pollution reduction.
The following areas were highlighted as important:
Need to make energy efficiency improvements in all aspects of materials and chemical manufacture in order to substantially reduce CO2 emissions, including in the manufacture of
Concrete/Cement
Ceramics
Steel
Pharmaceuticals
Bulk chemicals
Novel utilisation of CO2 or CO2 containing materials including the development of novel biocatalysts
Utilisation of industrial waste streams and Integration of the waste cycle into the manufacturing system
Methodologies to quantify the carbon intensity of a product/process
Catalysis and atomic level understanding of materials and chemicals
Process electrification
Integrated approach to systems design including technological and empirical advances as well as systems engineering modelling.
Biological resources as feedstocks.
It is expected that research in this area would deliver:
Strong collaboration between the UK and China in low carbon manufacturing research and development that will develop new lower carbon intensity manufacturing processes with lower embedded carbon.
New industrial processes that can produce low embedded carbon materials and chemicals at the quality/functionality the market demands
Lab scale new knowledge and technology ready for scale up to demo/pilot processes
New alternative materials with lower embedded carbon
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